Etiology of Hyperprolactinemia

I. Physiologic hypersecretion     Pregnancy     Lactation     Chest wall stimulation     Sleep     Stress II. Hypothalamic–pituitary stalk damage     Tumors         Craniopharyngioma         Suprasellar pituitary mass         Meningioma         Dysgerminoma         Metastases     Empty sella     Lymphocytic hypophysitis     Adenoma with stalk compression     Granulomas     Rathke's cyst     Irradiation     Trauma         Pituitary stalk section         Suprasellar surgery III. Pituitary hypersecretion     Prolactinoma     Acromegaly IV. Systemic disorders     Chronic renal failure     Hypothyroidism     Cirrhosis     Pseudocyesis     Epileptic seizures V. Drug-induced hypersecretion     Dopamine receptor blockers         Atypical antipsychotics: risperidone         Phenothiazines: chlorpromazine, perphenazine         Butyrophenones: haloperidol         Thioxanthenes         Metoclopramide     Dopamine synthesis inhibitors         alpha-Methyldopa     Catecholamine depletors         Reserpine     Opiates     H2 antagonists         Cimetidine, ranitidine     Imipramines         Amitriptyline, amoxapine     Serotonin reuptake inhibitors         Fluoxetine     Calcium channel blockers         Verapamil         Estrogens         TRH