Ligamentum teres develops from:

a. Umbilical artery
b. Umbilical vein
c. Ductus venosus
d. Portal radicles

Gartner's cyst arises from:

a. Remnant of paramesonephric duct
b. Remnant of mesonephric duct
c. Cervix
d. Vagina











Derivatives of Mesonephric duct:

 "Gardener's SEED" for 

Gartner's duct, 
Seminal vesicles,
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens

Primordial germ cell develops from:

a. Chorion
b. Amnion
c. Yolk sac
d. Cord blood

Ans. c) Yolk sac

Heterotaxy Syndromes

Situs ambiguous also known as heterotaxy, is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen.

The normal position of the organs is known as situs solitus.

Situs inversus is a condition in which the usual positions of the organs are reversed from left to right as a mirror image of the normal condition. 

If these are the two extreme positions on a continuum of asymmetric thoracic and abdominal organ formation, situs ambiguus covers everything in between.

Situs ambiguus or heterotaxy syndrome refers
to malposition and dysmorphism of thoracic and
abdominal organs associated with indeterminate
atrial arrangement and vascular anomalies.
Azygos or hemiazygos continuation of the IVC with
absence of the hepatic segment is the most frequent associated anomaly.



Right Isomerism or Asplenia or Ivemark's syndrome:

In this condition, bilateral right sidedness occurs. These patients have bilateral right atria, a centrally located liver , an absent spleen and both lungs have 3 lobes. The descending aorta and inferior vena cava are on the same side of the spleen.

Left Isomerism or Polysplenia syndrome:


Here, bilateral left sidedness occurs. These patients have bilateral left atria and multiple spleens, and both lungs have 2 lobes. Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygous or hemiazygous continuation is often present.

Diaphragm- development

Diaphragm develops from the following components:

1. Septum transversum
2. Pleuroperitoneal membranes.
3. Ventral and dorsal mesenteries of esophagus.
4. Mesoderm of body wall.
5. Cervical myotomes.

Foetal circulation

Percent saturation of foetal blood vessels

Neural Crest Derivatives

Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull
Cranial nerve ganglia
C cells of the thyroid gland
Conotruncal septum in the heart

Odontoblasts
Dermis in face and neck

Spinal (dorsal root) ganglia
Sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract
Adrenal medulla

Schwann cells
Glial cells
Arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges)
Melanocytes